A new form of disordered eating linked to the pursuit of muscular physiques is raising concerns among health experts, as social media continues to shape body image ideals. Known as muscularity-oriented disordered eating, or Mode, this condition is characterized by an excessive focus on muscle gain and is marked by rigid eating habits, overuse of protein supplements, meticulous tracking of food intake, and constant muscle checking.
Although eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia have long been recognized, Mode is emerging as a distinct issue, especially among young men. It reflects a growing societal pressure to achieve a lean, muscular body, a standard increasingly promoted across social media platforms. While this trend may appear to support health and fitness, it is often rooted in appearance rather than genuine well-being.
Social media plays a major role in the spread of Mode. Platforms like Instagram and TikTok are filled with highly curated images and videos of muscular bodies, often shared under the guise of fitness motivation. These images, frequently edited and posed, reinforce unrealistic body ideals and may lead to dissatisfaction with one’s appearance. Algorithms tend to amplify extreme content that draws attention, making such images nearly unavoidable for regular users.
Influencers further contribute to the problem by promoting specific diets, supplements, and extreme fitness routines. Many of them are affiliated with fitness brands and supplement companies, which may encourage followers to adopt similar practices without medical guidance. This can lead to the normalization of unsustainable habits and the use of harmful substances, including anabolic steroids.
Recent research has shown that Mode is growing in prevalence. A 2019 study reported that 22 percent of males and 5 percent of females aged 18 to 20 had engaged in behaviors associated with Mode. College students appear particularly vulnerable due to high levels of social media use and increased independence over their diets and routines.
The condition has been linked to body dissatisfaction and unhealthy attempts to change one’s body. It is also associated with behaviors such as exercising specifically to gain weight, perceiving oneself as underweight, low body mass index, and the use of performance-enhancing substances. Among males, alcohol consumption has shown a connection to Mode, while depressive symptoms are more commonly seen among females with the condition. Studies have found similar patterns in countries such as the United States, Canada, and Iran, indicating the global nature of the issue.
Health risks tied to Mode are both physical and psychological. Excessive focus on muscle gain can lead to disordered eating patterns, including binge eating and orthorexia nervosa—a fixation on so-called healthy eating that can become harmful. Overconsumption of protein supplements, which are heavily marketed to men, is another concern. Some products contain artificial additives or harmful substances like heavy metals. While protein is essential, experts warn that supplements should not replace natural sources like meat, fish, and dairy.
The social consequences of Mode are also serious. Individuals may prioritize strict fitness routines over relationships, education, or work. Some report feelings of guilt or failure when they deviate from their dietary plans. Women with Mode have described higher levels of anxiety, depression, and social isolation.
Health professionals are calling for increased awareness of Mode as a legitimate public health concern. They urge schools, universities, fitness centers, and health practitioners to recognize the signs and to foster a more inclusive and realistic approach to fitness. Experts also argue that the fitness industry must be held accountable for promoting extreme body standards and unregulated products. As the pressure to achieve an ideal body grows, addressing the risks of Mode is becoming increasingly urgent.
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